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spp., Cucurbita spp., strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), beans (Phaseolus spp.), peach (Prunus persica), rhubarb (Rheum hybri- dum), rose (Rosa spp.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum).Secondary hosts include wattles (Acacia spp.), oriental persimmon (Diaspyros kaki), walnut (Juglans regia), apple (Malus pumila), banana (Musa spp.), passionfruit (Passiflora edulis), avocado (Persea americana) (Anony- mous 2005).Some other economically important hosts of the adult include apricot (Prunus americana), azalea (Rhododendron spp.), Begonia, blackberry and raspberry (Rubus spp.), Gardenia, Hibiscus, Hydrangea, lily (Lilium spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), plum (Pru- nus domestica) (Anonymous 1996).DamageFRB adults and larvae cause damage. Adults feed on the foliage while the larvae feed on the roots. Leaf damage symptoms typically consist of notched or serrated edges with a ragged appearance. Under severe infesta- tions, these weevils can consume the entire leaf, leaving only the midrib.Young larvae chew off the root hairs or rootlets, while older larvae girdle the lateral roots. Root damage results in poor and stunted growth as damaged roots cannot absorb water and nutrients efficiently. Plants with severely damaged roots may die during periods of drought or the root system may be predisposed to fungal infection (Phytopthora spp.).ManagementAn integrated pest management approach lays emphasis on monitoring the emer- gence of a pest population and assessing the amount of damage before making any deci-sion on method and means of control. This is very much applicable to FRB adult manage- ment which generally have certain peak peri- ods. For FRB, October and November have been the peak emergence period (McCoy et al. 2006).MonitoringFRB emergence can be monitored by using ground traps or observing fresh leaf damage. Routine inspection of plants is necessary to check for damage symptoms (ragged appear- ance) on low hanging foliage. Low-hanging fruits near the trunk should be examined for egg masses, particularly under the calyx. As FRB are nocturnal in habit, they may not be active during the day and are therefore not very apparent.Mechanical controlPreventing the flightless weevils from reach- ing the canopy is the best management strat- egy. By skirt pruning, the emerging adult wee- vils can only climb up on the tree trunk. The main trunk thus needs to be treated (banded) with long-lasting sticky materials for trapping the adults. The sticky material is best applied on a non-absorbent material fastened around the trunk to minimize the potential risk of trunk burning (Anonymous 2005).Chemical controlRecommendations and related informa- tion on chemical management of Fuller rose beetle and other root weevils are available. Please contact your local chemical consult- ant for any further information.Selected ReferencesAnderson RS. 2002. 131. Curculionidae Latreille 1802, pp. 722-815 In Arnett RH Jr., Thomas MC, Skelley PE, Frank JH (editors). American Beetles. Vol. 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoideathrough Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton. xiv + 861 pp.Anonymous. (1996). Rose insect pests. North Carolina Urban Integrated Pest Management: Service. http://ipm. ncsu.edu/urban/cropsci/c09w_orn/rosepest.html (6 April 2005).Anonymous. (2005). UC Pest Management Guidelines- Citrus: Fuller Rose Beetle. UC IPM Online. http://www.ipm. ucdavis.edu/PMG/r107300311.html (2 March 2006).Anonymous. (2006). Industry Advice Notice 2005/15: Cit- rus Exports to Japan - New and Revised Conditions (Date issued: 7 June 2005). Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/export/plants-grains- hort/ian/05/15 (22 June 2009).Cabi. (2005). Fuller's Rose Weevil. Crop Protection Com- pendium. CAB International 2005.Chadwick CE. 1965. A review of Fuller's rose weevil (Pan- tomorus cervinus Boheman) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Australia (N.S.W.) 2: 10-20.Coats SA, McCoy CW. 1990. Fuller rose beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ovipositional preference on Florida citrus. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 860-865.Haney PB, Morse JG, Arpara ML, 1988. Effect of pack- inghouse processing and cold storage of citrus on Fuller rose beetle egg hatch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Applied Agri- cultural Research 3: 61-64.Johnson JA, Soderstrom EL, Brandl DG, Houck LG, Wofford PL. 1990. Gamma radiation as a quarantine treat- ment for Fuller rose beetle eggs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on citrus fruit. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 905-909.King JR. 1958. Occurrence, distribution and control of Fuller's rose beetle in Florida citrus groves. Proceedings of Florida State Horticultural Society 71: 146-152.Lakin KR and Morse JG. 1989. A degree-day model for Fuller's rose beetle, Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) (Col., Curculionidae) egg hatch. Journal of Applied Entomology 107: 102-106.Masaki M, Kadoi M, Yoneda M. 1996. Effects of tempera- ture on development of Fuller's rose weevil, Pantomorus cer- vinus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Research Bul- letin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, No. 32: 7-13.McCoy CW, Rogers ME, Futch SH, Graham JH, Duncan LW, Nigg HN. (2006). 2006 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Citrus Root Weevils. EDIS. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ CG006 (2 March 2006).Normark BB. 1996. Phylogeny and evolution of partheno- genetic weevils of the Aramigus tessellatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Naupactini): evidence from mi- tochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 50: 734-745.Woodruff RE, Bullock RC. 1979. Fuller's Rose Weevil Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman), in Florida (Coleoptera; Curculionidae). Division of Plant Industry Entomology Circulars. http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/ entcirc/ent207.pdf (25 May 2006)TECHNOLOGY 41 FEB | MARCH 2015TEGNOLOGIEtechnology