Page 73 - SA Fruit Journal VOLUME 14

Figuur 1. Voorstelling van die soort blaar wat vir blaarontleding geneem moet word.the same twig as the fruit. Collect 50 to 100 leaves per sample. Take the soil sample at the same index trees. Collect 15 to 20 subsam- ples, mix and submit 500 g of the composite samples for analyses.If the soil was sampled, prepared and fer- tilized properly before planting, it is not nec- essary to take leaf samples from non-bearing trees. However it is never too early to moni- tor the nutritional status.GrondmonstersGrondontledings verskaf inligting wat help om te besluit watter stappe geneem kan word om tekorte, wanbalanse en oormate in die voed- ingstatus van die bome reg te stel. Met ʼn grond- ontleding word gepoog om binne sekondes of minute ʼn massa van die voedingstowwe uit die grond te ekstraheer, wat die bome in 8 - 10 maande sal opneem. Elke metode wat gebruik word, het dus net waarde indien dit gekali- breer is en presies so uitgevoer word, soos wat dit in die kalibrasie gebruik is.Neem van grondmonstersvir bemestingsadviesDie grondmonsters word in dieselfde indeks- rye as die blaarmonsters soos volg geneem.Monsterneming by mikrospuite• Neem ʼn submonster vanaf die oppervlak (verwyder slegs die blare, maar geen grond nie) tot 30 cm diep onder die blaarkap. Ge- bruik ʼn graaf of monsterboor.• Neem sowat 15 tot 20 submonsters by die bome in die indeksrye. Plaas dit in ʼn plas- tiekemmer, meng deeglik en neem ±400 g en verpak vir versending na die laboratorium..• Merk die monster met die boordnaam (u ver- wysing) of boordkode plus u besonderhede.Soil sampling at drippers (Figure 2)• Remove the top 5 cm of soil plus debris.• Take the sub-sample from 5 to 30 cm deep.• Take the sample between the dripper andthe perimeter of the wetted zone. If the wetted zones of two adjacent drippers overlap, take the sub-sample between the two drippers.• Collect 15 to 20 sub-samples at the index trees. Put the sub-samples in a plastic bucket, mix properly and retain ± 500 g for sending to the laboratory.• Mark the samples with your name and that of the orchard plus all relevant information on a label and stick or tie it to the outside of the container.Dit word sterk aanbeveel dat ‘n submonster, 30 tot 60 cm diep, elke twee tot drie jaar ge- neem word om die grond-pH en opbouing van soute in die wortelsone te monitor.POSTHARVEST PATHOLOGY – WASTE PREVENTION CHECKLIST K.H. LESAR & ARNO ERASMUS Sanitation: NB: For reducing fungal spore load, as well as keeping FCM and fruit fly un- der control – remove all fallen fruit and de- cayed fruit from the orchard. Bury or mac- erate fallen fruit and allow to dry in the sun away from the orchards. Remove dead wood from all citrus trees to reduce the spore load of the latent citrus pathogens.Good fruit fly control: Use traps and bait regularly.FCM: Apply preharvest treatments where trap counts and fruit drop due to FCM are high. Skirt trees for brown rot control: Ensure that trees are adequately skirted, prevent- ing low hanging fruit, especially in heavily laden trees, and thereby reducing the risk ofPhytophthora brown rot infection during the rainfall season.DO NOT PACK ANY FALLEN FRUIT THAT COULD BE INFECTEDSwaar reënval – Phytophthora bruinvrot waarskuwing!!!!Phytophthora bruinvrot word versprei wan- neer Phytophthora nicotianae of P. citroph- thora spore tydens reën vanaf besmette grond op vrugte spat. Infeksie vind plaas en die vrug vrot na ʼn tydperk van 4-6 dae. Dit gebeur dus dat geïnfekteerde vrugte gepluk en gepak kan word en tydens versending bruinvrot kan ontwikkel. ʼn Enkele vrot vrug kan die hele karton vrugte besmet. Die swam penetreer die skil binne drie ure, dus is dit belangrik dat bruinvrot voorkomend in die boord, voór pluk, behandel word.Prevent injuries: Test for injuries. “Indigo- Carmine” should be used for this purpose. Test both in the orchard and the packhouse. NB: Ensure that proper picking practices are adopted. There are far too many injuries every season, resulting in unnecessary high waste levels.Let Wel: Sorg dat gepaste plukpraktyke toe- gepas word. Plukbeserings veroorsaak elke seisoen onnodig hoë vlakke van bederf. Apply packhouse fungicides with care and proper management: Check the mixing / ap- plication rates.Packhouse sanitation:• Never allow any fruit, and more important- ly any fungicide-treated fruit, to lie around inTEGNOLOGIE 70 FEB | MAART 2015